Donald K. Burleson Oracle Tips

New Oracle first_rows_n SQL optimization

Prior to Oracle, the only two cost-based optimizer modes were all_rows and first_rows optimization.  One of the shortcomings of traditional first_rows SQL optimization was that the algorithm did not specify the scope of the row retrieval. The first-N rows optimization instructs the query optimizer to choose a query execution plan that minimizes the response time to produce the first N rows of query results. Starting in Oracle, we see the introduction of several new optimizer directives.

• FIRST_ROWS_1

• FIRST_ROWS_10

• FIRST_ROWS_100

• FIRST_ROWS_1000

This new cost-based optimizer (cost-based SQL optimizer) mode can be set at several levels in our database, either system-wide, at the session level, or at the query level

alter system set optimizer_mnode=first_rows_100;

alter session set optimizer_mode = first_rows_100;

select /*+ first_rows(100) */ from student;

Oracle Corporation states that with first_rows_n optimization, Oracle queries give the best possible response time for the first rows of a result set. Quicker response with the first N rows enhances user satisfaction in many applications, since users receive their initial set of data more rapidly.

Everyone knows that all_rows optimization favors full-table scans while first_rows optimization favors index usage, but Oracle has extended this concept with first_rows_n optimization. In traditional first_rows optimization, The Oracle cost-based optimizer will favor an index scan, even if it has a higher overall cost than a full-table scan.  This is especially true in the case of a smaller table where a full-table scan is not too expensive:

Set autotrace on explain

alter session set optimizer_goal = choose;

select * from emp where sal < 1200;

PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT STATEMENT (OPTIMIZER=CHOOSE) (COST=62) (ROWS=99)

        TABLE ACCESS FULL EMP (COST=62) (ROWS=99)

Now, we run the same query with first_rows optimization:

alter session set optimizer_goal = first_rows;

select * from emp where sal < 1200;

The explain plan is now transformed to:

PLAN -----------------------------------------------------SELECT STATEMENT (OPTIMIZER=FIRST_ROWS) (COST=102)

       TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID EMP (COST=102) (ROWS=99)

       INDEX RANGE SCAN SAL_IDX (COST=2) (ROWS=99)

While we expect the cost-based SQL optimizer to favor indexes, but it is surprising to see that first_rows optimization chose a more expensive path than the full-table scan. This is a critical point.  Prior to Oracle, first_rows optimization was a mix of internal rules and costs, while the Oracle first_rows optimization is completely cost-based.

Prior to Oracle, the Oracle DBA would use the optimizer_index_cost_adj parameter to control the propensity of the cost-based optimizer to choose a index over a full-table scan.

While Oracle claims that first_rows_n optimization results in faster queries, we must remember that all the Oracle cost-based SQL optimizer is doing is considering only the first rows access in the cost of the query.  In plain English, all the first_rows_n mode does is allow the optimizer to make a more intelligent choice about whether to use an index or a full-table scan to access a small table.  Since most Oracle DBA’s will have these small tables cached in the KEEP pool anyway, this parameter is of little use.

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